Score a 5 on AP Biology: The Only 2025-2026 Guide You'll Ever Need

AP Biology Study Guide: 2025-2026 Edition

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Introduction to AP Biology

Understanding the 2025-2026 Exam Format and preparing effectively for success in AP Biology.

Understanding the 2025-2026 Exam Format

🔄Digital Transformation: Section I (60 MCQs) administered via Bluebook app with enhanced tools
📝Hybrid Format: Section II (6 FRQs) combines digital prompts with handwritten responses
⏱️Timing: 90 minutes each section, 50% weight for each
📊Scoring: Nearly 70% achieve 3+ for college credit

Section	Format	Duration	Weight
Section I: Multiple-Choice	60 Questions (Digital/Bluebook)	90 minutes	50%
Section II: Free-Response	6 Questions (2 Long, 4 Short - Hybrid)	90 minutes	50%

Timeline for Preparation

📅Year-long: Build unit-by-unit understanding with consistent practice
🎯6 months: Focus on integrated review emphasizing weak units
⚡3 months: Intensive practice with full-length exams and skill work
🔥Final week: High-yield concept review and formula memorization

Study Tip for Introduction

Familiarize yourself with Bluebook digital tools early—practice annotation, highlighting, and flagging features.

Success in AP Biology requires balancing content mastery with analytical skills. The four Big Ideas provide the framework for understanding how biological systems interconnect and evolve.

📊 Your AP Biology Mastery Progress

Introduction

Big Ideas

Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

Unit 5

Unit 6

Unit 7

Unit 8

Labs

Exam Prep

🎯 Week 1 Challenge: Master the Exam Format

Complete this task to earn your first mastery badge:

Format Expert

Task: Download Bluebook app, complete a practice MCQ section, and write a 200-word reflection on how digital tools enhance biology assessment. Share with #APBio2026

🎥 Recommended Starting Video

Watch this Khan Academy AP Biology overview: Khan Academy AP Biology Playlist

Four interconnected biological concepts representing evolution, energy, information, and systems

The Four Big Ideas of AP Biology

The four Big Ideas serve as connective tissue between all units, providing the framework for understanding biological systems.

Big Idea 1: Evolution (13-20% of exam - Most Weighted)

🔄Natural Selection: Variation, heritability, differential survival/reproduction
📊Hardy-Weinberg: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (five conditions)
🦠Evidence: Fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular clocks
🌿Speciation: Allopatric vs. sympatric, reproductive isolation

Big Idea 2: Energy and Molecular Building Blocks (12-16% of exam)

⚡Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
☀️Photosynthesis: Light-dependent reactions, Calvin cycle
🧬Enzymes: Active site, environmental effects, reaction rates
🔋ATP: Energy currency, coupled reactions

Big Idea 3: Information Storage and Transfer (12-16% of exam)

🧬DNA Replication: Semi-conservative, leading/lagging strands
📖Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein (transcription, translation)
🎭Gene Regulation: Operons, epigenetics, transcription factors
🧫Biotechnology: PCR, CRISPR, gel electrophoresis

Big Idea 4: Systems Interactions (10-15% of exam)

📡Cell Communication: Signal transduction, receptors, amplification
⚖️Feedback Mechanisms: Negative vs. positive feedback
🛡️Immune System: Innate vs. adaptive responses
🌍Ecology: Energy flow, nutrient cycling, community interactions

Study Tip for Big Ideas

Use the Big Ideas as lenses to connect concepts across units—evolution explains both diversity and unity of life.

Biology textbook and study materials showing detailed unit breakdowns

Unit-by-Unit Content Breakdown

Detailed coverage of all eight AP Biology units with key concepts, formulas, and study tips.

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life (6-9% of exam)

⚗️Core Elements: C, H, O, N, P, S (sulfur elevated in 2025 CED)
💧Water Properties: Polarity, cohesion, adhesion, thermal buffer
🧬Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
🔗Synthesis: Dehydration vs. hydrolysis reactions

Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function (10-13% of exam)

📏Surface Area to Volume: SA:V ratio limits cell size
🧫Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic: Nucleus, organelles, size differences
🔬Membrane Structure: Fluid mosaic model, selective permeability
🚪Transport: Passive (diffusion, osmosis) vs. active transport

Unit 3: Cellular Energetics (12-16% of exam - Heavily Weighted)

🧪Enzymes: Active site, environmental effects, kinetics
⚡Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC, fermentation
☀️Photosynthesis: Light reactions, Calvin cycle, factors affecting rate
🔄ATP: Energy coupling, conservation of glycolysis

Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle (10-15% of exam)

📡Signal Transduction: Reception, transduction, response, amplification
🔄Cell Cycle: Interphase (G₁, S, G₂), mitosis, cytokinesis
🎯Regulation: Cyclins, CDKs, checkpoints, cancer
🧬Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Purpose, products, genetic variation

Unit 5: Heredity (8-11% of exam)

🧬Meiosis: Genetic variation through crossing over, independent assortment
👥Mendelian Genetics: Dominance, probability rules, pedigrees
🎭Non-Mendelian: Incomplete dominance, codominance, pleiotropy
🌿Environmental Influence: Phenotypic plasticity

Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation (12-16% of exam - Heavily Weighted)

📖Central Dogma: Replication, transcription, translation
🎭Gene Regulation: Prokaryotic operons, eukaryotic controls
🧫Biotechnology: PCR, CRISPR, sequencing, electrophoresis
🔄Mutations: Types, effects, chromosomal changes

Unit 7: Natural Selection (13-20% of exam - Most Heavily Weighted)

🔄Hardy-Weinberg: Equilibrium conditions, calculations
🎯Mechanisms: Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation
🦕Evidence: Fossils, anatomy, molecular, biogeography
🌿Speciation: Allopatric vs. sympatric, isolation mechanisms

Unit 8: Ecology (10-15% of exam)

📈Population Dynamics: Exponential vs. logistic growth
🤝Community Interactions: Competition, predation, symbiosis
⚡Energy Flow: Trophic levels, pyramids, productivity
♻️Nutrient Cycling: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, water

Study Tip for Units

Focus heavily on Units 3, 6, and 7—they account for over 50% of exam questions combined.

Scientific data analysis and graphing techniques for biology

Essential Skills and Science Practices

Master the six Science Practices that are assessed throughout the exam.

The Six Science Practices (25-33% of MCQs)

1️⃣Concept Explanation: Explain biological processes in applied contexts
2️⃣Visual Representations: Analyze diagrams, graphs, models
3️⃣Questions and Methods: Design experiments, identify variables
4️⃣Representing Data: Construct and label graphs/tables
5️⃣Statistical Tests: Perform calculations, analyze data
6️⃣Argumentation: Develop evidence-based scientific claims

Science Practice 2: Visual Representations

📊Reading Graphs: Identify variables, trends, outliers
🔬Interpreting Models: Cellular structures, pathways, phylogenies
📈Graph Types: Line, bar, scatter plots, histograms

Science Practice 3: Questions and Methods

❓Hypothesis: Testable prediction based on prior knowledge
🔬Variables: Independent, dependent, constants, controls
📝Experimental Design: Replicates, reliability, validity

Study Tip for Science Practices

Practice Science Practices 2 and 6 regularly—they appear frequently in both MCQs and FRQs.

Mathematical equations and biological calculations for AP Biology

Mathematical Skills and Formulas

Master the quantitative aspects of AP Biology with key formulas and calculations.

Official Equations and Formulas Sheet

Statistical Analysis: Sample Mean: x̄ = (Σxᵢ)/n Standard Deviation: s = √[Σ(xᵢ - x̄)²/(n-1)] Standard Error: SE = s/√n Chi-Square: χ² = Σ[(o-e)²/e] Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1 Probability: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B); P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B) Water Potential: Ψ = Ψₛ + Ψₚ Solute Potential: Ψₛ = -iCRT Surface Area & Volume: Sphere: SA = 4πr², V = (4/3)πr³ Cube: SA = 6s², V = s³ Population Growth: Exponential: dN/dt = r_max N Logistic: dN/dt = r_max N((K-N)/K) Biodiversity: Simpson's Index: D = 1 - Σ(n/N)²

Problem-Solving Strategies

📖Read carefully: Identify what's being asked
🔍Identify knowns and unknowns
🧮Choose appropriate formula and plug in values
✅Check reasonableness and units

Study Tip for Math

Practice calculations daily—focus on Hardy-Weinberg, water potential, and chi-square problems.

Biology laboratory experiments and scientific research

Laboratory Investigations

Master the 13 required investigations that form the foundation for experimental questions.

The 13 Required Investigations

1️⃣Artificial Selection: How selective pressure changes traits
2️⃣Hardy-Weinberg: Mathematical modeling of evolution
3️⃣BLAST: Comparing DNA sequences across species
4️⃣Diffusion and Osmosis: Factors affecting cell transport
5️⃣Photosynthesis: Light effects on energy capture
6️⃣Cellular Respiration: Temperature effects on metabolism
7️⃣Cell Division: Stimuli impact on mitosis
8️⃣Transformation: Genetic modification of bacteria
9️⃣Restriction Analysis: DNA visualization techniques
🔟Energy Dynamics: Flow through trophic levels
1️⃣1️⃣Transpiration: Environmental effects on water loss
1️⃣2️⃣Fruit Fly Behavior: Stimuli triggering movements
1️⃣3️⃣Enzyme Activity: Conditions affecting catalysis

Critical Lab Concepts

🔬Experimental Design: Hypothesis, variables, controls, replicates
📊Data Collection: Quantitative vs. qualitative data
🧫Lab Safety: Proper techniques and disposal

Study Tip for Labs

At least 25% of instructional time must be hands-on lab work—understand variables and controls deeply.

Study techniques and learning methods for academic success

Study Strategies and Techniques

Effective study methods for mastering AP Biology content and skills.

Active Learning Methods

🧠Concept Mapping: Visual connections between Big Ideas
🎤Feynman Technique: Teach concepts in simple terms
📝Practice Problems: 5-10 daily, focus on calculations
🎴Flashcards: Spaced repetition for vocab and formulas

Time Management

📅12 weeks out: Content review (1-2 units/week)
🎯8 weeks out: Practice FRQs and MCQs
⚡4 weeks out: First full-length practice exam
🔥Final week: Review weak areas, formula memorization

Study Tip for Strategies

Dedicate 25% of study time to hands-on lab understanding and Science Practices.

Test-Taking Strategies

Master MCQ and FRQ strategies for optimal performance on the AP Biology exam.

Multiple Choice Tips (Section I)

⏱️Time Management: 1.5 minutes per question, use flag feature
🔍Process of Elimination: Cross out wrong answers first
📱Bluebook Tools: Annotation, highlighting, flagging
🎯Educated Guessing: Always guess, no penalty

Free Response Tips (Section II)

⏱️Time Allocation: 23 min long FRQs, 11 min short FRQs
📝Reading Prompts: Underline task verbs, number parts
✅Show Work: Calculations need all steps for partial credit
🎨Label Diagrams: Complete labeling earns full points

Study Tip for Test-Taking

Avoid "science vomit"—address only what the task verb asks for.

Educational resources and study materials for academic success

Resources and Tools

Essential study materials and online resources for AP Biology preparation.

Official College Board Resources (FREE)

📖Course and Exam Description (CED): Complete curriculum
🎯AP Classroom: Practice questions and progress checks
📝Released FRQs: Past free-response questions
🧮Equations Sheet: Official formulas provided

Recommended Study Materials

📚Campbell Biology: Comprehensive college textbook
📖Barron's AP Biology: Practice tests and review
🎥Khan Academy: Free videos and practice
📱Quizlet/Anki: Spaced repetition flashcards

Study Tip for Resources

Use College Board resources first—they're free and directly aligned with the exam.

Quick reference charts and diagrams for biology study

Quick Reference Section

Essential vocabulary, formulas, and diagrams for quick review.

Key Vocabulary by Unit

Unit	Key Terms
Unit 1	Hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis
Unit 2	Prokaryote, eukaryote, selective permeability, osmosis, diffusion
Unit 3	Enzyme, active site, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ATP
Unit 4	Signal transduction, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis
Unit 5	Gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, meiosis, Punnett square
Unit 6	DNA replication, transcription, translation, codon, mutation
Unit 7	Evolution, natural selection, Hardy-Weinberg, speciation
Unit 8	Population, community, ecosystem, biodiversity, symbiosis

Essential Diagrams to Memorize

🧬DNA Replication Fork: Leading/lagging strands, helicase, polymerase
⚡Cellular Respiration Overview: Glycolysis → Krebs → ETC
☀️Photosynthesis: Light reactions and Calvin cycle
🧫Mitosis Stages: PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
🧬Meiosis: Crossing over, independent assortment

Study Tip for Quick Reference

Draw diagrams from memory daily—visual recall is crucial for the exam.

Practice exam questions and study materials

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Practice Questions & Sample Problems

Sample MCQs and FRQs to test your understanding of key concepts.

Sample MCQ: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

In a population of 1000 individuals, 360 show the recessive phenotype. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the recessive allele (q)?

Answer: q² = 360/1000 = 0.36, so q = √0.36 = 0.6
Explanation: In Hardy-Weinberg, q² represents the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.

Sample FRQ: Cellular Respiration

Describe the role of oxygen in cellular respiration and explain what happens when oxygen is unavailable.

Sample Response: Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. Without oxygen, cells undergo fermentation, regenerating NAD⁺ for glycolysis but producing only 2 ATP per glucose molecule instead of ~32.

Sample MCQ: Photosynthesis

Which of the following occurs in the Calvin cycle but NOT in the light-dependent reactions?

Correct Answer: Carbon fixation (CO₂ is incorporated into organic molecules)
Explanation: The Calvin cycle fixes carbon, while light reactions produce ATP and NADPH.

Calendar and important dates for AP Biology exam

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Important Dates: 2025-2026 AP Biology Timeline

Key deadlines and dates for the AP Biology exam cycle.

2025-2026 AP Exam Calendar

November 2025 AP Registration Opens

March 2026 Late Registration Deadline

May 12, 2026 AP Biology Exam Date (Morning Session)

July 2026 Score Release (Digital Reports)

August 2026 College Credit Decisions

Warning signs and common errors to avoid

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Common Mistakes & How to Avoid Them

Frequent errors from Chief Reader reports and student experiences.

Science Vomit: Writing everything you know instead of addressing the specific question. Solution: Read prompts carefully and answer only what's asked.

Triple-Codon Error: Forgetting to divide nucleotides by 3 when calculating amino acids. Solution: Always remember: 3 nucleotides = 1 codon = 1 amino acid.

Confusing Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Saying mitosis produces genetic variation. Solution: Only meiosis creates variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

Hardy-Weinberg Misconception: Thinking deviation from H-W proves evolution. Solution: Must connect to specific mechanisms (selection, drift, etc.).

Checklist and preparation items for exam day

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Exam Day Checklist

Essential items and preparation for test day success.

What to Bring

🆔Valid photo ID (school ID, driver's license, passport)
📱Fully charged device with Bluebook app installed
✏️Several #2 pencils and erasers (for FRQ section)
🧮Approved calculator (if needed, though not required)
💧Water bottle and snacks (check testing center rules)

What NOT to Bring

❌Cell phones (except for Bluebook)
❌Notes, textbooks, or study materials
❌Highlighters, colored pencils, or correction fluid
❌Dictionaries or translation devices

Day-Before Preparation

⏰Arrive 30 minutes early at testing center
😴Get adequate sleep (avoid cramming)
🍽️Eat a good breakfast with protein and complex carbs
🧠Light review of formulas and key concepts

Memory aids and mnemonic devices for biology

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Mnemonic Devices & Memory Aids

Popular mnemonics used by AP Biology students worldwide.

PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (mitosis stages)

OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (electron transfer)

Please Call Me To Order Fresh Green Salad: Prophase I, Crossing over, Metaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II (meiosis)

CHOPKINS CaFE: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (photosynthesis vs. respiration)

LEAF: Light-dependent reactions, Electron transport, ATP synthesis, FADH₂ (photosynthesis components)

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AP Biology Exam Weighting by Unit

Understanding which units carry the most weight on the exam.

Unit	Exam Weight	Priority Level
Unit 7: Natural Selection	13-20%	🔴 Highest Priority
Unit 3: Cellular Energetics	12-16%	🔴 High Priority
Unit 6: Gene Expression	12-16%	🔴 High Priority
Unit 1: Chemistry of Life	6-9%	🟡 Medium Priority
Unit 2: Cell Structure	10-13%	🟡 Medium Priority
Unit 4: Cell Communication	10-15%	🟡 Medium Priority
Unit 5: Heredity	8-11%	🟡 Medium Priority
Unit 8: Ecology	10-15%	🟡 Medium Priority

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Sample 12-Week Study Schedule

A structured timeline for comprehensive AP Biology preparation.

Weeks 1-4: Foundation Building

Week 1 Units 1-2: Chemistry & Cell Structure

Week 2 Unit 3: Cellular Energetics (focus on enzymes)

Week 3 Units 4-5: Cell Communication & Heredity

Week 4 Unit 6: Gene Expression & Regulation

Weeks 5-8: Deep Dive & Practice

Week 5 Unit 7: Natural Selection (heavy focus)

Week 6 Unit 8: Ecology + Lab Review

Week 7 Science Practices & Math Skills

Week 8 Full Practice Exam + Weak Area Review

Weeks 9-12: Refinement & Mastery

Week 9 Targeted Practice: Weak Units

Week 10 FRQ Writing Practice

Week 11 Second Full Practice Exam

Week 12 Final Review & Confidence Building

Celebration and success stories from students

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Success Stories & Score Improvement Tips

Real student experiences and strategies that led to success.

From 2 to 5: "I focused on the labs and Science Practices. Understanding experimental design made FRQs much easier." - Sarah, 2024

From 3 to 5: "Daily practice with Hardy-Weinberg and water potential calculations. Don't underestimate the math!" - Miguel, 2024

From 4 to 5: "Drew every diagram from memory weekly. Visual recall was key for the exam." - Emma, 2024

Common Success Factors

Consistent daily practice (even 30 minutes)
Understanding over memorization
Mastering Science Practices 2 and 6
Regular full-length practice exams
Seeking help early for difficult concepts

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Printable Study Checklists

Text-based checklists for tracking your AP Biology progress.

Unit Completion Checklist

[ ] Unit 1: Chemistry of Life - Water properties, macromolecules [ ] Unit 2: Cell Structure - Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, organelles [ ] Unit 3: Cellular Energetics - Enzymes, respiration, photosynthesis [ ] Unit 4: Cell Communication - Signal transduction, cell cycle [ ] Unit 5: Heredity - Meiosis, Mendelian genetics, inheritance patterns [ ] Unit 6: Gene Expression - Central dogma, regulation, biotechnology [ ] Unit 7: Natural Selection - Evolution, Hardy-Weinberg, speciation [ ] Unit 8: Ecology - Populations, communities, energy flow

Science Practices Mastery

[ ] Practice 1: Concept Explanation - Explain processes in context [ ] Practice 2: Visual Representations - Analyze graphs/diagrams [ ] Practice 3: Questions & Methods - Design experiments [ ] Practice 4: Representing Data - Create proper graphs [ ] Practice 5: Statistical Tests - Chi-square, error bars [ ] Practice 6: Argumentation - Support claims with evidence

Lab Investigations Review

[ ] Lab 1: Artificial Selection - Understand selective pressure [ ] Lab 2: Hardy-Weinberg - Mathematical modeling [ ] Lab 3: BLAST - DNA sequence comparison [ ] Lab 4: Diffusion/Osmosis - Cell transport factors [ ] Lab 5: Photosynthesis - Light and energy capture [ ] Lab 6: Cellular Respiration - Metabolic rate factors [ ] Lab 7: Cell Division - Mitosis stimulation [ ] Lab 8: Transformation - Bacterial genetic modification [ ] Lab 9: Restriction Analysis - DNA visualization [ ] Lab 10: Energy Dynamics - Trophic level transfers [ ] Lab 11: Transpiration - Environmental water loss [ ] Lab 12: Fruit Fly Behavior - Taxis vs kinesis [ ] Lab 13: Enzyme Activity - Reaction conditions

Dictionary and glossary of biology terms

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AP Biology Glossary

Essential terms and definitions for quick reference.

A-C

Active Transport: Movement of substances against concentration gradient using ATP Allele: Alternative forms of a gene Amino Acid: Building blocks of proteins ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cells Autotroph: Organism that produces its own food (photosynthesis) Biotechnology: Use of living systems to develop products Calvin Cycle: Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis Cell Cycle: Series of events from cell formation to division Centromere: Region where sister chromatids attach Chloroplast: Organelle where photosynthesis occurs Chromosome: DNA molecule containing genetic information Codon: Three-nucleotide sequence specifying amino acid

D-H

Dehydration Synthesis: Formation of polymers by removing water Denaturation: Loss of protein structure due to environmental stress Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material Dominant: Allele that masks expression of recessive allele Ecosystem: Community of organisms plus abiotic environment Electron Transport Chain: Series of protein complexes for ATP production Endocytosis: Process of taking materials into cell via vesicles Enzyme: Biological catalyst that speeds up reactions Evolution: Change in allele frequencies over time Exocytosis: Process of releasing materials from cell via vesicles Fermentation: Anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid or ethanol Fossil Record: Preserved remains of ancient organisms Gene: Unit of heredity, segment of DNA Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism Glycolysis: First stage of cellular respiration, occurs in cytosol Heterotroph: Organism that consumes other organisms for energy Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal environment Homozygous: Having two identical alleles

I-P

Independent Assortment: Random distribution of homologous chromosomes Innate Immunity: Non-specific defense mechanisms Interphase: Period between cell divisions (G1, S, G2) Krebs Cycle: Second stage of cellular respiration, produces electron carriers Light-Dependent Reactions: Photosynthesis stage requiring light Meiosis: Cell division producing gametes with half chromosome number Mendelian Genetics: Principles of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel Metaphase: Stage where chromosomes align at cell equator Mitochondria: Organelles where cellular respiration occurs Mitosis: Cell division producing identical daughter cells Mutation: Change in DNA sequence Natural Selection: Differential survival and reproduction Nucleotide: Building block of nucleic acids Osmosis: Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism Photosynthesis: Process converting light energy to chemical energy Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Technique to amplify DNA Population: Group of same species in same area Primary Productivity: Rate of energy production by autotrophs Punnett Square: Diagram showing possible genotypes from cross

R-Z

Recessive: Allele whose expression is masked by dominant allele Replication: Process of DNA copying before cell division RNA: Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis Sexual Selection: Selection based on mating success Speciation: Formation of new species Stabilizing Selection: Selection favoring intermediate traits Symbiosis: Close relationship between different species Taxonomy: Science of classifying organisms Telophase: Final stage of mitosis/meiosis Transcription: Synthesis of RNA from DNA template Translation: Synthesis of protein from mRNA template Vestigial Structure: Reduced structure with no current function

🧬 AP Biology Mastery Overview

Big Ideas: Evolution, Energy, Information, Systems

Units: 8 comprehensive units with detailed content

Science Practices: 6 skills assessed throughout exam

Labs: 13 investigations requiring hands-on understanding

Math: Formulas for Hardy-Weinberg, water potential, statistics

Exam: Digital MCQs + hybrid FRQs, 50% each

Strategies: Active learning, time management, practice

Resources: College Board materials, textbooks, online tools